In 1997 from the generalized interferometric equation, derived from first principles using Dirac's quantum notation, a generalized refraction equation was derived. Thus, optics was described in a coherent and hierarchical order from interference, to diffraction, to refraction, and to reflection. In 2006, this approach was extended to provide generalized refraction equations for positive and negative refraction. Generalized refraction equations are also known as generalized Snell's laws.

• F. J. Duarte, Tunable Laser Optics, Second Edition (CRC, New York, 2015).

• F. J. Duarte, Quantum Optics for Engineers (CRC, New York, 2014).

• F. J. Duarte, Multiple-prism dispersion equations for positive and negative refraction, Appl. Phys. B 82, 35-38 (2006).
  
  
• F. J. Duarte, Tunable Laser Optics (Elsevier Academic, New York, 2003).

• F. J. Duarte, Interference, diffraction, and refraction, via Dirac's notation, Am. J. Phys. 65, 637-640 (1997).